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<h1 id="一、函数"><a href="#一、函数" class="headerlink" title="一、函数"></a><font size=3>一、函数</font></h1><p>接下来，就该了解一下函数了。官方文档关于函数说明在这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#user-functions">VIM: eval - user-functions <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p>
<p>在此之前需要先了解函数名称的规范：函数名须以<strong>大写字母</strong>开始，以免和内建函数引起混淆。要避免在不同脚本使用相同的名字，避免显见的或者过短的名字。一个好习惯是使用脚本名字作为函数名字的开头，比如<code>HTMLcolor()</code>。</p>
<p>局部于脚本的函数必须以 <code>s:</code> 开始。局部于脚本的函数只能在同一脚本和脚本中定义的 函数、用户命令和自动命令里调用。也可以在脚本定义的映射里调用该函数，但必须使用<code>&lt;SID&gt;</code> 而不是<code>s:</code>，如果映射会在脚本之外被扩展的话。 <strong>只有局部于脚本的函数，没有局部于缓冲区或局部于窗口的函数</strong>。</p>
<p>上边是<code>Vim</code>中文文档中关于用户函数的一些说明，<strong>没有作用域限制的<code>Vimscript</code>函数必须以一个大写字母开头！</strong>而且大多数的开发者都是这么做的，这样可以为自己避免一些不必要的麻烦。</p>
<h1 id="二、基本语法"><a href="#二、基本语法" class="headerlink" title="二、基本语法"></a><font size=3>二、基本语法</font></h1><h2 id="1-一些命令"><a href="#1-一些命令" class="headerlink" title="1. 一些命令"></a><font size=3>1. 一些命令</font></h2><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">:fu[nction]        &quot; 列出所有函数和它们的参数。</span><br><span class="line">:fu[nction] &#123;name&#125; &quot; 列出 &#123;name&#125; 命名的函数。</span><br><span class="line">:fu[nction] /&#123;pattern&#125;  &quot; 列出名字匹配 &#123;pattern&#125; 的函数。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="2-定义新函数"><a href="#2-定义新函数" class="headerlink" title="2. 定义新函数"></a><font size=3>2. 定义新函数</font></h2><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fu[nction][!] &#123;name&#125;([arguments]) [range] [abort] [dict] [closure]</span><br><span class="line">	command</span><br><span class="line">	retu[rn] [expr] &quot; 这个是可选的，就是返回值</span><br><span class="line">endf[unction]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>定义 <code>&#123;name&#125;</code> 命名的新函数。函数体在之后的行给出，直到匹配的<code>endfunction</code> 为止。</p>
<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看格式说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <p>详情可查看<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#:function">VIM: eval - function <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><table>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>name</td>        <td align="left">名字必须由字母数字和 '_' 字符组成，而且必须以大写字母或者 "s:" 开头.</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>!</td>        <td align="left">如果同名的函数已经存在而且没有使用 [!]，Vim会给出错误信息。如果给出 [!]，已有的函数被悄然替代。如果该函数正在执行期间除外。此时，这是一个错误。</td>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>arguments</td>        <td align="left">参数的定义只要给出它的名字。在函数里，可以使用 "a:name" 来访问 ("a:" 代表参数(argument))。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>range</td>        <td align="left">如果给出 [range] 参数，则该函数自己能理解并处理行范围。该范围通过 "a:firstline" 和 "a:lastline" 定义。如果没有 [range]，":{range}call" 会在该范围的每一行分别执行该函数，每次光标都定位在处理行的行首。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>abort</td>        <td align="left">如果给出 [abort] 参数，该函数在遇到错误时立即中止。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>dict</td>        <td align="left">如果给出 [dict] 参数，该函数必须通过  Dictionary  的项目才能调用。局部变量 "self" 这时设为该字典。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>closure</td>        <td align="left">加入 [closure] 参数时，函数可以访问外部作用域的变量和参数，通常这被称为闭包。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>retu[rn] [expr]</td>        <td align="left">从函数返回。如果给出 "[expr]"，计算该表达式的结果成为函数的返回值。如果没有给出 "[expr]"，返回 0。</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<h2 id="3-删除函数"><a href="#3-删除函数" class="headerlink" title="3. 删除函数"></a><font size=3>3. 删除函数</font></h2><p>在<code>Vim</code>中，提供了用户函数删除命令</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">:delf[unction][!] &#123;name&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>name</code>为要删除的函数的名称。</p>
<h2 id="4-函数调用"><a href="#4-函数调用" class="headerlink" title="4. 函数调用"></a><font size=3>4. 函数调用</font></h2><h3 id="4-1-调用格式"><a href="#4-1-调用格式" class="headerlink" title="4.1 调用格式"></a><font size=3>4.1 调用格式</font></h3><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 方法一: call命令调用</span><br><span class="line">call Function_name() </span><br><span class="line">&quot; 方法二: 表达式中直接调用，以 echo 为例 </span><br><span class="line">echo Function_name() </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="4-2-实例1：没有返回值"><a href="#4-2-实例1：没有返回值" class="headerlink" title="4.2 实例1：没有返回值"></a><font size=3>4.2 实例1：没有返回值</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function Test()</span><br><span class="line">	echo &quot;Hello, World!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">call Test()</span><br><span class="line">echo &quot;\n&quot;</span><br><span class="line">echo Test()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello, World!</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Hello, World!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="4-3-实例2：有返回值"><a href="#4-3-实例2：有返回值" class="headerlink" title="4.3 实例2：有返回值"></a><font size=3>4.3 实例2：有返回值</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function Test()</span><br><span class="line">	echo &quot;Hello, World!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">	return &quot;return Hello, World!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">call Test()</span><br><span class="line">echo &quot;\n&quot;</span><br><span class="line">echo Test()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello, World!</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Hello, World!</span><br><span class="line">return Hello, World!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>第一个<code>call test()</code>输出<code>Hello, World!</code>，然而第二个却输出的是<code>Hello, World! return Hello, World!</code>。我们使用<code>call</code>时，返回值会被丢弃， 所以这种方法仅在函数具有副作用时才有用。</p>
<h3 id="4-4-实例3：隐式返回"><a href="#4-4-实例3：隐式返回" class="headerlink" title="4.4 实例3：隐式返回"></a><font size=3>4.4 实例3：隐式返回</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function Test()</span><br><span class="line">	echo &quot;Hello, World!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">echo Test()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello, World!</span><br><span class="line">0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这将会显示两行：<code>Hello, World!</code>和<code>0</code>。第一个字符串显然来自于<code>Test()</code>内部的<code>echo</code>。第二个则告诉我们， 如果一个<code>Vimscript</code>函数不返回一个值，它将隐式返回<code>0</code>。那么这有什么用呢？在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 检查文本宽度是否过宽函数，超过80返回1，否则隐式返回0</span><br><span class="line">function TextwidthIsTooWide()</span><br><span class="line">	if &amp;l:textwidth &gt;# 80</span><br><span class="line">		return 1</span><br><span class="line">	endif</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">set textwidth=20</span><br><span class="line">if TextwidthIsTooWide()</span><br><span class="line">	echom &quot;WARNING: Wide text!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">else</span><br><span class="line">	echom &quot;ok!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">endif</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">set textwidth=90</span><br><span class="line">if TextwidthIsTooWide()</span><br><span class="line">	echom &quot;WARNING: Wide text!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">else</span><br><span class="line">	echom &quot;ok!&quot;</span><br><span class="line">endif</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ok!</span><br><span class="line">WARNING: Wide text!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>从测试中看出，这样可以很方便的用于返回真或者假用于判断。</p>
<h2 id="5-函数参数"><a href="#5-函数参数" class="headerlink" title="5. 函数参数"></a><font size=3>5. 函数参数</font></h2><p>很多时候，函数是需要传入参数的，接下来就来看一看函数的传参。</p>
<h3 id="5-1-普通参数"><a href="#5-1-普通参数" class="headerlink" title="5.1 普通参数"></a><font size=3>5.1 普通参数</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function DisplayName(name)</span><br><span class="line">	echo &quot;Hello!  My name is:&quot;</span><br><span class="line">	echo a:name</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">call DisplayName(&quot;fanhua&quot;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello!  My name is:</span><br><span class="line">fanhua</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>看到这里，我可能会问，<code>a:name</code>是啥个意思呢？往前看，在变量与表达式一文中有说明，<code>a:var_name</code>表示函数参数(只限在函数内部使用)但是放我们去掉这个<code>a:</code>的时候，会发现，重新执行时会产生错误：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">E121: 未定义的变量: name</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>所以，我们在写需要参数的<code>Vimscript</code>函数的时候，总是需要<strong>在参数加上前缀<code>a:</code>，来告诉<code>Vim</code>去参数作用域查找</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="5-2-可变参数"><a href="#5-2-可变参数" class="headerlink" title="5.2 可变参数"></a><font size=3>5.2 可变参数</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function Varg(...)</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:0=&quot;a:0</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:1=&quot;a:1</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:2=&quot;a:2</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:3=&quot;a:3</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:000=&quot;a:000</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">call Varg(&quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, 1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a:0= 3</span><br><span class="line">a:1= a</span><br><span class="line">a:2= b</span><br><span class="line">a:3= 1</span><br><span class="line">a:000= [&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, 1]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>【注意】</p>
<p>（1）函数使用可变参数时，不限制输入参数的个数。</p>
<p>（2）函数内部不可以引用未传入的参数，例如，函数内用<code>a:4</code>来引用第四个参数，这个时候若是调用函数的时候未传入参数小于四个时，就会报错：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">E121: 未定义的变量: a:4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看输出说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=100px>...</td>        <td align="left">说明这个函数可以接受任意数目的参数。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=100px>a:0</td>        <td align="left">当在Vim中定义了一个接受可变参数的函数时，a:0将被设置为我们额外给的参数数量。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=100px>a:1</td>        <td align="left">可以使用a:1, a:2, a:3等等来引用函数接受的每一个额外参数。</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=100px>a:000</td>        <td align="left">该值将被设置为一个包括所有传递过来的额外参数的列表(list)。</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<h3 id="5-3-同时使用"><a href="#5-3-同时使用" class="headerlink" title="5.3 同时使用"></a><font size=3>5.3 同时使用</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function Varg(name, ...)</span><br><span class="line">	echo &quot;a:name=&quot;a:name</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:0=&quot;a:0</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:1=&quot;a:1</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:2=&quot;a:2</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:3=&quot;a:3</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:4=&quot;a:4</span><br><span class="line">    echo &quot;a:000=&quot;a:000</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">call Varg(&quot;fanhua&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, 1, 100)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">a:name= fanhua</span><br><span class="line">a:0= 4</span><br><span class="line">a:1= a</span><br><span class="line">a:2= b</span><br><span class="line">a:3= 1</span><br><span class="line">a:4= 100</span><br><span class="line">a:000= [&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, 1, 100]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="三、函数式编程"><a href="#三、函数式编程" class="headerlink" title="三、函数式编程"></a><font size=3>三、函数式编程</font></h1><p>函数式编程？这是啥？看到这个词的第一眼，这就是我的反应，以前学的<code>C</code>，<code>Shell</code>里边没得啊。其实我也不知道啦，不过网上一搜有一大堆的解释，但是似乎都不明让我理解，但是可以参考这篇文档，解释的相对很明白了：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://ruanyifeng.com/blog/2017/02/fp-tutorial.html">函数式编程入门教程 - 阮一峰的网络日志  <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></p>
<h2 id="1-不可变的数据结构"><a href="#1-不可变的数据结构" class="headerlink" title="1. 不可变的数据结构"></a><font size=3>1. 不可变的数据结构</font></h2><p>什么是不可变的数据结构？意思就是，以列表为例，在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function! Sorted(mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call sort(new_list)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">let mylist = [2, 1, 4, 3]</span><br><span class="line">echo &quot;Before sort: mylist=&quot;mylist</span><br><span class="line">let mylist_s = sort(mylist)</span><br><span class="line">echo &quot;After sort: mylist=&quot;mylist</span><br><span class="line">echo &quot;\n&quot;</span><br><span class="line">echo Sorted(mylist)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Before sort: mylist= [2, 1, 4, 3]</span><br><span class="line">After sort: mylist= [1, 2, 3, 4]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[1, 2, 3, 4]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>我们会发现，我们使用了排序函数对列表进行排序，即便是用另一个变量接收结果，我们原始的列表也还是发生了变化。</p>
<p>但是这并不是我们的本意，原来的列表我们依然需要保留，那么这个时候，刚才定义的函数就排上了用场，<code>Vim</code>的<code>sort()</code>就原列表进行了重排列表，所以我们先创建一个列表的副本，并对副本进行排序, 这样原本的列表不会被改变。这样就避免了副作用，并帮助我们写出更容易推断和测试的代码。</p>
<ul>
<li>更多辅助函数</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 接受一个列表并返回一个新的倒置了元素的列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Reversed(mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call reverse(new_list)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&quot; 返回一个在原列表的基础上增加了给定值的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Append(mylist, val)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call add(new_list, a:val)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&quot; (associate的缩写)返回一个给定索引上的元素被替换成新值的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Assoc(mylist, i, val)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list[a:i] = a:val</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&quot; 返回一个给定索引上的元素被移除的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Pop(mylist, i)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call remove(new_list, a:i)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="2-作为变量的函数"><a href="#2-作为变量的函数" class="headerlink" title="2. 作为变量的函数"></a><font size=3>2. 作为变量的函数</font></h2><p><code>Vimscript</code>支持使用变量储存函数，这似乎就跟<code>C</code>中的指针函数一样。</p>
<h3 id="2-1-变量存储函数"><a href="#2-1-变量存储函数" class="headerlink" title="2.1 变量存储函数"></a><font size=3>2.1 变量存储函数</font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 返回一个在原列表的基础上增加了给定值的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Append(mylist, val)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call add(new_list, a:val)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">let Myfunc = function(&quot;Append&quot;)</span><br><span class="line">echo Myfunc([1, 2], 3)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[1, 2, 3]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>无可厚非，最后显示了一个添加了元素的列表。</p>
<p>【注意】如果一个<code>Vimscript</code>变量要引用一个函数，它就要以大写字母开头。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-列表存储函数"><a href="#2-2-列表存储函数" class="headerlink" title="2.2 列表存储函数"></a><font size=3>2.2 列表存储函数</font></h3><p>我们不仅可以使用变量存储和调用函数，也可以通过列表。在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 返回一个在原列表的基础上增加了给定值的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Append(mylist, val)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call add(new_list, a:val)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">&quot; 返回一个给定索引上的元素被移除的新列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Pop(mylist, i)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call remove(new_list, a:i)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line">let funcs = [function(&quot;Append&quot;), function(&quot;Pop&quot;)]</span><br><span class="line">echo funcs[1]([&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;b&#x27;, &#x27;c&#x27;], 1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&#x27;a&#x27;, &#x27;c&#x27;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>【注意】当变量中存储的是列表的时候，首字母不必大写，列表的内容即使是函数，但是合在一起的时候终归还是一个列表，然后就可以通过列表索引来引用相应的函数。</p>
<h2 id="3-高阶函数"><a href="#3-高阶函数" class="headerlink" title="3. 高阶函数"></a><font size=3>3. 高阶函数</font></h2><p>高阶函数就是接受别的函数并使用它们的函数。</p>
<h3 id="3-1-map"><a href="#3-1-map" class="headerlink" title="3.1 map()"></a><font size=3>3.1 <code>map()</code></font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&quot; 接受一个列表并返回一个新的倒置了元素的列表。</span><br><span class="line">function! Reversed(mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call reverse(new_list)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">function! Mapped(fn, mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call map(new_list, string(a:fn) . &#x27;(v:val)&#x27;)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">let mylist = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 7, 9, 8, 6]]</span><br><span class="line">echo Mapped(function(&quot;Reversed&quot;), mylist)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[[2, 1], [4, 3], [6, 8, 9, 7, 5]]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>上边的函数什么意思？接下来我们来分析一下。</p>
<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看map()函数说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <p>可以使用<code>:help map()</code>来查看帮助文档。<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#map()">VIM: eval - map()  <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">map(&#123;expr1&#125;, &#123;expr2&#125;) &quot; &#123;expr1&#125; 里的每个项目被 &#123;expr2&#125; 的计算结果替代。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>【说明】</p><p>（1）<code>{expr1}</code> 必须是 <code>List]</code> 或  <code>Dictionary</code>，<code>{expr2}</code> 必须是<code>string</code> 或  <code>Funcref</code>。</p><p>（2）关于<code>{expr2}</code></p><p>如果 <code>{expr2}</code> 是<code>string</code>，<code>{expr2}</code> 内的 <code>v:val</code>包含当前项目的值。 <code>Dictionary</code>中 <code>v:key</code>  包含当前项目的键。<code>List</code>中<code>v:key</code>包含当前项目的索引（其中，<code>v:val</code>就是<code>List </code>或<code>Dictionary</code>当前项目的值；<code>v:key</code>就是<code>Dictionary</code>当前项目的值）。例如：在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">let mylist = [1, 2, 3]</span><br><span class="line">echo map(mylist, &#x27;&quot;&gt; &quot; . v:val . &quot; &lt;&quot;&#x27;)</span><br><span class="line">&quot;  mylist 里的每个项目之前放上 &gt; ，而之后放上 &lt; 。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&#x27;&gt; 1 &lt;&#x27;, &#x27;&gt; 2 &lt;&#x27;, &#x27;&gt; 3 &lt;&#x27;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>如果 <code>{expr2}</code> 是<code>Funcref</code>，它必须接受两个参数：当前项目的键或索引和当前项目的值。</p>
              </div>
            </details>



<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看string()函数说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <p>可以使用<code>:help string()</code>来查看帮助文档。</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">string(&#123;expr&#125;)  &quot; 返回 &#123;expr&#125; 转换后的字符串。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>【说明】如果 <code>{expr}</code> 为数值、浮点数、字符串、<code>blob</code> 或它们的复合形式，那么用  <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#eval()">eval()</a>  可以把结果转回去。</p>
              </div>
            </details>

<p><code>Mapped()</code>接受两个参数：一个<code>funcref</code>(储存一个函数的变量)和一个列表。 我们用<code>deepcopy()</code>创建新的列表，然后调用<code>map()</code>函数，对传入列表的数据进行倒置，最后返回新倒置后的列表。</p>
<h3 id="3-2-filter"><a href="#3-2-filter" class="headerlink" title="3.2 filter()"></a><font size=3>3.2 <code>filter()</code></font></h3><p>在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function! Filtered(fn, mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call filter(new_list, string(a:fn) . &#x27;(v:val)&#x27;)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">let mylist = [[1, 2], [], [&#x27;fanhua&#x27;], []]</span><br><span class="line">echo Filtered(function(&#x27;len&#x27;), mylist)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[[1, 2], [&#x27;fanhua&#x27;]]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看filter()函数说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <p>可以使用<code>:help filter()</code>来查看帮助文档。<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#filter()">VIM: eval - filter()  <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">filter(&#123;expr1&#125;, &#123;expr2&#125;) </span><br><span class="line">&quot; 对 &#123;expr1&#125; 里的每个项目计算 &#123;expr2&#125;，如果结果为零，</span><br><span class="line">&quot; 就从该  List 或  Dictionary  里删除该项目。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>【说明】</p><p>（1）<code>{expr1}</code> 必须是<code>List</code>或者<code>Dictionary</code>。<code>{expr2}</code> 必须是<code>string</code>或 <code>Funcref</code>。</p><p>（2）关于<code>{expr2}</code></p><p>如果 <code>{expr2}</code> 是<code>string</code>，<code>{expr2}</code> 内的 <code>v:val</code>包含当前项目的值。 <code>Dictionary</code>中 <code>v:key</code>  包含当前项目的键。<code>List</code>中<code>v:key</code>包含当前项目的索引（其中，<code>v:val</code>就是<code>List </code>或<code>Dictionary</code>当前项目的值；<code>v:key</code>就是<code>Dictionary</code>当前项目的值）。例如：在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">let mylist = [1, 2, 3, &#x27;OLD&#x27;, &#x27;OLDh&#x27;]</span><br><span class="line">&quot; 删除所有出现 OLD 的项目</span><br><span class="line">echo filter(mylist, &#x27;v:val !~ &quot;OLD&quot;&#x27;) </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">let mydict = &#123;&#x27;1&#x27;:1, &#x27;9&#x27;:9, &#x27;10&#x27;:5 &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&quot; 删除所有键小于 8 的值。 </span><br><span class="line">echo filter(mydict, &#x27;v:key &gt;= 8&#x27;) </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[1, 2, 3]</span><br><span class="line">&#123;&#x27;10&#x27;: 5, &#x27;9&#x27;: 9&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><p>如果 <code>{expr2}</code> 是<code>Funcref</code>，它必须接受两个参数：当前项目的键或索引和当前项目的值。</p>
              </div>
            </details>

<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看len()函数说明 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <p>可以使用<code>:help len()</code>来查看帮助文档。<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://vimcdoc.sourceforge.net/doc/eval.html#len()">VIM: eval -len()  <i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a></p><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">len(&#123;expr&#125;)     &quot; 返回数值，参数的长度。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure><table>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>expr</td>        <td align="center">返回值</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>字符串</td>        <td align="left">返回它使用的字节数</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>数值</td>        <td align="left">返回它使用的字节数</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>list</td>        <td align="left">返回 List 的项目数量</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>Blob</td>        <td align="left">返回字节数</td>    </tr>    <tr>        <td align="center" width=200px>Dictionary</td>        <td align="left">返回 Dictionary 的项目数量。</td>    </tr></table>
              </div>
            </details>

<p><code>Filtered()</code>接受一个谓词函数和一个列表，它返回一个列表的副本， 而这个列表只包括将自身作为谓词函数的输入参数并返回真值的元素。 这里使用了内置的<code>len()</code>，让它来过滤掉所有长度为<code>0</code>的元素。</p>
<p>那如果我想要获取列表中长度为<code>0</code>的元素呢？在<code>text.vim</code>文件中添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function! Removed(fn, mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    let new_list = deepcopy(a:mylist)</span><br><span class="line">    call filter(new_list, &#x27;!&#x27; . string(a:fn) . &#x27;(v:val)&#x27;)</span><br><span class="line">    return new_list</span><br><span class="line">endfunction</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">let mylist = [[1, 2], [], [&#x27;fanhua&#x27;], []]</span><br><span class="line">echo Removed(function(&#x27;len&#x27;), mylist)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在命令模式中执行<code>:source test.vim</code>可以看到输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[[], []]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>Vim</code>显示<code>[[], []]</code>。<code>Removed()</code>就像<code>Filtered()</code>，不过它只保留谓词函数返回非真值的元素。代码中的唯一不同在于调用命令前面的<code>&#39;!&#39; .</code>，它把谓词函数的结果取反。</p>
<h3 id="3-3-效率"><a href="#3-3-效率" class="headerlink" title="3.3 效率"></a><font size=3>3.3 效率</font></h3><p>考虑到<code>Vim</code>不得不持续地创建新的副本并垃圾回收旧的对象，可能会认为不停地制造副本是种浪费。是的，就是这样的！<code>Vim</code>的列表不像<code>Clojure</code>的<code>vector</code>那样支持结构共享<code>(structural sharing)</code>， 所以这里所有的复制操作是昂贵的。当需要使用庞大的列表，程序就会因此变慢。 在现实世界，我们可能会吃惊地发现自己几乎不会注意到其中的差别。</p>

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